Teacher to Alexander the Great and Plato’s pupil, Aristotle, is in
some ways a more important educational theorist and philosopher than Socrates
or Plato. His work has resonated down the ages, and although we have only
fragments from his book On Education, we have enough secondary evidence
to piece together his theories on the subject.
Empirical,
scientific approach
Like Plato, founded a school, the Lyceum but his teaching ran counter to Plato’s love
of abstract reason, as he did not believe in a transcendental system of Forms,
Aristotle introduced a more empirical approach to theory and learning with more
emphasis on the physical sciences. Of course, much of his science is wrong, and
his idea of purposefulness wrong headed, but he set us on a path towards
investigation, observation and knowledge, based on experience, that would prove
to be a positive legacy over the last 2000 years.
Greek
ideal
As a proponent of the Greek ideal of an all-round education he recommended
a balance of activities that train both mind and body, including debate, music,
science and philosophy, combined with physical development and training. This
ideal has had a profound influence on the West’s idea of education and
schooling. Character and ethical behaviour was also important, extolled through
his theory of the Golden Mean (everything in moderation). Modern schools and
universities have, to a degree, this classical ideal in their core values.
Practice
as well as theory
Despite his position as one of the World’s greatest philosophers,
he showed great concern for practical and technical education, in addition to
contemplation. He would be genuinely puzzled by our system’s emphasis on theory
rather than practice. Learning by doing was a fundamental issue in his theory
of learning. 'Anything we have to learn
to do we learn by the actual doing of it...’ he says, echoing many a modern
theorist. This is not to forget theory and theorising, only to recognise that
education needs to be habitually reinforced through practice. Not that we should
read too much into this, as he, like Plato, still had an essentially elitist
view of education, with vocational training an activity for the lower classes.
Moral
education
To be moral one must behave morally but also be informed by
reason. This is interesting, as Aristotle recognised that one can teach young
people to be moral without them having to understand why. He seemed to
understand that altruism was built-in and that teaching by example was fine,
only later do we engage in reflection on why this is so.
Music
Music education was of particular interest for Aristotle, and
Plato. He saw it as an important educational technique, a builder of character
and good for the soul, as well as a useful pastime. You learn how to recognise
and control the different hues of emotion. To be clear, he meant learning how
to play a musical instrument and sing, not just listening music.
Lifelong
learning
Education was for Aristotle a fundamental activity in life, an
intrinsic good and should not be seen as instrumental. ‘Better a philosopher unsatisfied, than a pig satisfied’ to quote
his peer and contemporary, Plato. And this philosophical view of education is
one of his main concerns. Education is not the mere transmission of knowledge,
it is a preparation for participation in a fulfilled life that reflects and
acts on ethical and political grounds. It is as much about rights than getting
things right and should be state controlled until 21, then continue for the
rest of one’s life. Yet another Greek, lifelong learner.
Conclusion
The schism between Plato and Aristotle, theory and practice,
teaching and research, humanities and science, lives on in our curricula, schools
and Universities. Aristotle, in the western tradition was the first to break
with philosophical reasoning as the primary approach to education. However, his
theories, along with those of Plato, also gave rise to scholasticism that was
to send the search for knowledge and education into more than a millennium of
decline. It wasn’t until the Renaissance and subsequent Enlightenment that
recovery was possible. Nevertheless, Aristotle remains a towering figure and we
have somehow recovered components of the Greek ideal through this Renaissance
recovery to build educational systems that recognise this legacy.
Bibliography
Aristotle The Nicomachean Ethics, London: Penguin. (The
most recent edition is 1976 - with an introduction by Barnes).
Aristotle The Politics (A treatise on government), London: Penguin.
Bauman, R.W. (1998) Aristotle’s
Logic of Education New York Peter Lang
Barnes, J. (1982) Aristotle, Oxford: Oxford University
Press. Good introduction.
Howie, G (ed) (1968 Aristotle’s
on Education, London, Collier-Macmillan.
Jaeger, W. W. (1948) Aristotle, Oxford: Oxford University
Press. The authoritative text.
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